Drawing on scientific literature on climate-smart landscapes and landscape approaches and on interviews with experts, this report explores the implications of these concepts. It first introduces the climate-smart landscape as one that simultaneously supports climate, development and conservation objectives, and maps different views about the ways in which multiple objectives can be combined in landscape management. The report then examines the challenges of implementing integrated landscape management, with particular reference to the role of innovative landscape governance arrangements. Finally, it reflects on approaches that help assessing the effectiveness of integrated landscape initiatives.