In some areas farmers are abandoning their agroforestry practices in favour of monocultures, which are perceived as economically more attractive. There have been initiatives that successfully increased the economic viability of sustainable agroforestry, but the scaling of such practices has been slow. The Embassy of the Netherlands in Indonesia therefore commissioned a study to explore current challenges and opportunities related to scaling. The study took place between May and July 2023, and was based on a review of the literature, as well as interviews and focus group discussions with Indonesian and Dutch stakeholders connected to agroforestry. It focused on agroforestry production of a range of commodities, including coffee, cocoa, rubber, spices, and oil palm (although the production of oil palm in agroforestry is so far not widespread).